error-handling

# Error Handling Patterns

## Overview

Backend error handling patterns for building robust and debuggable services.

## Error Types

### Custom Error Classes

```typescript
// Base application error
class AppError extends Error {
  constructor(
    message: string,
    public code: string,
    public statusCode: number = 500,
    public isOperational: boolean = true
  ) {
    super(message);
    this.name = this.constructor.name;
    Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);
  }
}

// Specific error types
class ValidationError extends AppError {
  constructor(message: string, public fields?: Record<string, string>) {
    super(message, 'VALIDATION_ERROR', 400);
  }
}

class NotFoundError extends AppError {
  constructor(resource: string, id?: string) {
    super(
      id ? `${resource} with id ${id} not found` : `${resource} not found`,
      'NOT_FOUND',
      404
    );
  }
}

class UnauthorizedError extends AppError {
  constructor(message: string = 'Unauthorized') {
    super(message, 'UNAUTHORIZED', 401);
  }
}

class ForbiddenError extends AppError {
  constructor(message: string = 'Forbidden') {
    super(message, 'FORBIDDEN', 403);
  }
}

class ConflictError extends AppError {
  constructor(message: string) {
    super(message, 'CONFLICT', 409);
  }
}

class RateLimitError extends AppError {
  constructor(public retryAfter: number) {
    super('Too many requests', 'RATE_LIMIT', 429);
  }
}
```

## Error Response Format

### Standard Format

```typescript
interface ErrorResponse {
  error: {
    code: string;
    message: string;
    details?: unknown;
    stack?: string;  // Only in development
  };
  meta: {
    requestId: string;
    timestamp: string;
  };
}

function formatError(error: AppError, requestId: string): ErrorResponse {
  const response: ErrorResponse = {
    error: {
      code: error.code,
      message: error.message,
    },
    meta: {
      requestId,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
    },
  };

  if (error instanceof ValidationError && error.fields) {
    response.error.details = error.fields;
  }

  if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development') {
    response.error.stack = error.stack;
  }

  return response;
}
```

### Example Responses

```json
// Validation error
{
  "error": {
    "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
    "message": "Invalid input data",
    "details": {
      "email": "Invalid email format",
      "password": "Must be at least 8 characters"
    }
  },
  "meta": {
    "requestId": "req_abc123",
    "timestamp": "2024-01-15T10:30:00Z"
  }
}

// Not found error
{
  "error": {
    "code": "NOT_FOUND",
    "message": "User with id 123 not found"
  },
  "meta": {
    "requestId": "req_def456",
    "timestamp": "2024-01-15T10:30:00Z"
  }
}

// Server error (production)
{
  "error": {
    "code": "INTERNAL_ERROR",
    "message": "An unexpected error occurred"
  },
  "meta": {
    "requestId": "req_ghi789",
    "timestamp": "2024-01-15T10:30:00Z"
  }
}
```

## Error Handling Middleware

### Express Middleware

```typescript
import { Request, Response, NextFunction } from 'express';

// Async handler wrapper
function asyncHandler(fn: Function) {
  return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    Promise.resolve(fn(req, res, next)).catch(next);
  };
}

// Error handler middleware
function errorHandler(
  error: Error,
  req: Request,
  res: Response,
  next: NextFunction
) {
  const requestId = req.headers['x-request-id'] as string || generateId();

  // Log error
  logger.error('Request failed', {
    requestId,
    error: error.message,
    stack: error.stack,
    path: req.path,
    method: req.method,
  });

  // Handle known errors
  if (error instanceof AppError) {
    return res.status(error.statusCode).json(
      formatError(error, requestId)
    );
  }

  // Handle unknown errors
  const internalError = new AppError(
    process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production'
      ? 'An unexpected error occurred'
      : error.message,
    'INTERNAL_ERROR',
    500,
    false  // Not operational
  );

  res.status(500).json(formatError(internalError, requestId));
}

// Usage
app.get('/users/:id', asyncHandler(async (req, res) => {
  const user = await userService.findById(req.params.id);
  if (!user) throw new NotFoundError('User', req.params.id);
  res.json({ data: user });
}));

app.use(errorHandler);
```

## Validation Errors

### Zod Validation

```typescript
import { z, ZodError } from 'zod';

const createUserSchema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email('Invalid email format'),
  password: z.string().min(8, 'Password must be at least 8 characters'),
  name: z.string().min(2, 'Name must be at least 2 characters'),
});

function validateBody<T>(schema: z.Schema<T>) {
  return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
    try {
      req.body = schema.parse(req.body);
      next();
    } catch (error) {
      if (error instanceof ZodError) {
        const fields = error.errors.reduce((acc, err) => {
          acc[err.path.join('.')] = err.message;
          return acc;
        }, {} as Record<string, string>);
        throw new ValidationError('Invalid input data', fields);
      }
      throw error;
    }
  };
}

// Usage
app.post('/users', validateBody(createUserSchema), createUser);
```

## Database Error Handling

```typescript
import { DatabaseError, UniqueConstraintError } from 'pg';

function handleDatabaseError(error: Error): AppError {
  if (error instanceof UniqueConstraintError) {
    return new ConflictError('Resource already exists');
  }

  if (error.message.includes('foreign key')) {
    return new ValidationError('Referenced resource does not exist');
  }

  // Log unexpected database errors
  logger.error('Database error', { error: error.message });
  return new AppError('Database operation failed', 'DATABASE_ERROR', 500);
}

// Repository example
async function createUser(data: CreateUserInput): Promise<User> {
  try {
    return await db.users.create(data);
  } catch (error) {
    throw handleD