audit-support

# Audit Support

**Important**: This skill assists with SOX compliance workflows but does not provide audit or legal advice. All testing workpapers and assessments should be reviewed by qualified financial professionals. While "significance" and "materiality" are context-specific concepts that are ultimately assessed by auditors, this skill is intended to assist professionals in the creation and evaluation of effective internal controls and documentation for audits.

SOX 404 control testing methodology, sample selection approaches, testing documentation standards, control deficiency classification, and common control types.

## SOX 404 Control Testing Methodology

### Overview

SOX Section 404 requires management to assess the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR). This involves:

1. **Scoping:** Identify significant accounts and relevant assertions
2. **Risk assessment:** Evaluate the risk of material misstatement for each significant account
3. **Control identification:** Document the controls that address each risk
4. **Testing:** Test the design and operating effectiveness of key controls
5. **Evaluation:** Assess whether any deficiencies exist and their severity
6. **Reporting:** Document the assessment and any material weaknesses

### Scoping Significant Accounts

An account is significant if there is more than a remote likelihood that it could contain a misstatement that is material (individually or in aggregate).

**Quantitative factors:**
- Account balance exceeds materiality threshold (typically 3-5% of a key benchmark)
- Transaction volume is high, increasing the risk of error
- Account is subject to significant estimates or judgment

**Qualitative factors:**
- Account involves complex accounting (revenue recognition, derivatives, pensions)
- Account is susceptible to fraud (cash, revenue, related-party transactions)
- Account has had prior misstatements or audit adjustments
- Account involves significant management judgment or estimates
- New account or significantly changed process

### Relevant Assertions by Account Type

| Account Type | Key Assertions |
|-------------|---------------|
| Revenue | Occurrence, Completeness, Accuracy, Cut-off |
| Accounts Receivable | Existence, Valuation (allowance), Rights |
| Inventory | Existence, Valuation, Completeness |
| Fixed Assets | Existence, Valuation, Completeness, Rights |
| Accounts Payable | Completeness, Accuracy, Existence |
| Accrued Liabilities | Completeness, Valuation, Accuracy |
| Equity | Completeness, Accuracy, Presentation |
| Financial Close/Reporting | Presentation, Accuracy, Completeness |

### Design Effectiveness vs Operating Effectiveness

**Design effectiveness:** Is the control properly designed to prevent or detect a material misstatement in the relevant assertion?
- Evaluated through walkthroughs (trace a transaction end-to-end through the process)
- Confirm the control is placed at the right point in the process
- Confirm the control addresses the identified risk
- Performed at least annually, or when processes change

**Operating effectiveness:** Did the control actually operate as designed throughout the testing period?
- Evaluated through testing (inspection, observation, re-performance, inquiry)
- Requires sufficient sample sizes to support a conclusion
- Must cover the full period of reliance

## Sample Selection Approaches

### Random Selection

**When to use:** Default method for transaction-level controls with large populations.

**Method:**
1. Define the population (all transactions subject to the control during the period)
2. Number each item in the population sequentially
3. Use a random number generator to select sample items
4. Ensure no bias in selection (all items have equal probability)

**Advantages:** Statistically valid, defensible, no selection bias
**Disadvantages:** May miss high-risk items, requires complete population listing

### Targeted (Judgmental) Selection

**When to use:** Supplement to random selection for risk-based testing; primary method when population is small or highly varied.

**Method:**
1. Identify items with specific risk characteristics:
   - High dollar amount (above a defined threshold)
   - Unusual or non-standard transactions
   - Period-end transactions (cut-off risk)
   - Related-party transactions
   - Manual or override transactions
   - New vendor/customer transactions
2. Select items matching risk criteria
3. Document rationale for each targeted selection

**Advantages:** Focuses on highest-risk items, efficient use of testing effort
**Disadvantages:** Not statistically representative, may over-represent certain risks

### Haphazard Selection

**When to use:** When random selection is impractical (no sequential population listing) and population is relatively homogeneous.

**Method:**
1. Select items without any specific pattern or bias
2. Ensure selections are spread across the full population period
3. Avoid unconscious bias (don't always pick items at the top, round numbers, etc.)

**Advantages:** Simple, no technology required
**Disadvantages:** Not statistically valid, susceptible to unconscious bias

### Systematic Selection

**When to use:** When population is sequential and you want even coverage across the period.

**Method:**
1. Calculate the sampling interval: Population size / Sample size
2. Select a random starting point within the first interval
3. Select every Nth item from the starting point

**Example:** Population of 1,000, sample of 25 → interval of 40. Random start: item 17. Select items 17, 57, 97, 137, ...

**Advantages:** Even coverage across population, simple to execute
**Disadvantages:** Periodic patterns in the population could bias results

### Sample Size Guidance

| Control Frequency | Expected Population | Low Risk Sample | Moderate Risk Sample | High Risk Sample |
|------------------|--------------------|-----------------|--------------------|-----------------|
| Annual | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q