cloud-saas-exposure
Organization-grade cloud and supply-chain attack-surface discovery: S3/GCS/Azure Blob bucket discovery via observed-name mining (CNAME/cert-SAN/Wayback) and bounded two-class permutation (6 prefixes x 15 suffixes on trusted tokens, bounded target-bound expansion on subdomain stems), existence (HEAD/GET) vs public-listing confirmation, object-key triage into 9 value tiers (database dumps, credentials, IaC state, kubeconfig, VCS dirs, config, archives, PII, logs), dangling-CNAME bucket-takeover detection, and the ownership-gated severity model that stops an unattributable public bucket from becoming a false CRITICAL; the fully offline AWS-account-ID recovery from a leaked AKIA/ASIA/AROA access key (base32 decode, runnable stdlib Python, canonical test vector, AWS-documentation-example-ID screening); dependency-confusion confirmation for npm/PyPI (internal-signal classifier -- private-registry binding vs org-namespace match -- paired with a read-only public-registry 404 check and the npm scope-claimability nuance the public search API misses); and passive cloud-native/container/Kubernetes/CI control-plane fingerprinting (Lambda URLs, API Gateway, Cloud Run, App Service, kubelet/etcd/K8s API/dashboard, Jenkins/GitLab/Argo CD) as an org-attribution and exposure surface. Passive/discovery only -- no exploitation, no credential submission, no active control-plane confirmation (a stage-6 validate_cloud active tier is described but out of scope). Use when enumerating a target's cloud storage footprint, recovering an AWS account ID from a leaked key, confirming a supply-chain dependency-confusion vector, or fingerprinting cloud-native/K8s/CI infrastructure for an authorized external recon engagement.
git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/elementalsouls/Claude-OSINT /tmp/cloud-saas-exposure && cp -r /tmp/cloud-saas-exposure/skills/cloud-saas-exposure ~/.claude/skills/cloud-saas-exposureSKILL.md
# Cloud & SaaS Exposure — Buckets, Offline AWS Account-ID Recovery, Dependency Confusion, and Cloud-Native/K8s Fingerprinting
> Companion skills: `osint-methodology` (the pipeline this plugs into — Stage 2 asset
> expansion, Stage 4 exposure analysis, Stage 5 supply-chain confirmation). `offensive-osint`
> §16.8 (bucket-permutation raw wordlist), §16.17 (cloud-native URL pattern table), §16.18–
> §16.19 (container/K8s/CI paths + active curl recipes), §44 (package-registry search). This
> skill does not repeat those lists — it builds the reasoning layer on top: the
> ownership-gated bucket severity model, the offline AKIA→account-ID decode, the
> dependency-confusion two-part confirmation contract, and cloud-native/K8s as an
> org-attribution surface, not just another probe list.
## 0. When to Use / When NOT
**Use this skill when:** you're mapping an authorized target's cloud and supply-chain
footprint — enumerating storage buckets and judging whether a hit is actually the target's
risk (not a stranger's public bucket that happens to match a permutation); recovering the
AWS account ID behind a leaked access key you already hold (dead or live); confirming
whether an internal-looking npm/PyPI dependency is a registerable supply-chain vector; or
fingerprinting cloud-native (Lambda/Cloud Run/App Service/…) and container/K8s/CI
control-plane surface for org attribution and exposure triage.
**Do NOT use this skill when:** you just need the raw bucket-permutation wordlist,
cloud-native URL pattern table, or container/K8s/CI path list with no reasoning layer — go
straight to `offensive-osint` §16.8/§16.17–16.19/§44. Do NOT use it for anything past
discovery/confirmation: registering an unclaimed package, submitting AWS credentials,
authenticating to a Kubernetes API, or confirming a fingerprinted control plane actually
answers unauthenticated (that's a stage-6 `--validate --validate-cloud` active tier —
described, never performed, §5/§9.4).
---
## 1. Authorization & Legal Posture
Reuses `osint-methodology` §1 — assets you own or have written authorization to assess.
Three of this skill's four subsystems carry a distinct authorization shape, worth being
explicit about before you run any of them:
- **Bucket probing (§6)** is a real HTTP GET against bucket infrastructure that may or may
not be the target's — the same "active but low-intrusion" tier as any other GET against
target-adjacent infra. Standard engagement authorization applies.
- **AWS account-ID decode (§7)** is fully offline. No authorization question beyond already
lawfully holding the leaked key.
- **Dependency-confusion confirmation (§8)** issues live GETs, but only against the public
npm/PyPI registries — **zero packets to the target**. This is why it's explicitly in scope
even though it's "active."
- **Cloud-native/K8s/CI fingerprinting (§9)** is pattern-matching over hostnames and ports
already resolved by earlier recon — no new network traffic of its own.
---
## 2. Confidence Levels
Reuses `osint-methodology` §2. Domain-specific anchors:
| Level | Cloud/SaaS example |
|---|---|
| **TENTATIVE** | Org-namespace-matched dependency name (medium strength) with no private-registry binding — namesake-prone. |
| **FIRM** | Bucket exists (403/private) and is name-tied or CNAME/SAN/Wayback-observed; AWS account ID offline-decoded from a leaked key with no live validation; cloud-native endpoint pattern-matched via an owned CNAME/cert-SAN/subdomain FQDN; a container/K8s orchestration port is open (directly observed — its auth posture is not). |
| **CONFIRMED** | Bucket is publicly listable/readable **and** ownership-verified; AWS account ID corroborated by a live STS-validated key; dependency-confusion "strong" signal (private-registry binding) confirmed unclaimed via the public-registry 404 + scope-claimability check. |
An **unattributable** public bucket hit does not get a confidence label at all — it never
reaches the finding stream (§6.3).
---
## 3. Output Format
```
Finding:
id: <stable hash or UUID>
module: <technique that discovered it>
asset_key: <typed key, e.g. bucket:s3:acme-backup, account:aws:609629065308>
category: <PUBLIC_BUCKET | INFO_DISCLOSURE | TAKEOVER | DEPENDENCY_CONFUSION | MISCONFIG | OPEN_SERVICE | EXPOSED_PANEL>
severity: <info|low|medium|high|critical>
confidence: <tentative|firm|confirmed>
title: <one-line summary>
description: <2-5 sentences — issue + attacker impact, not a terse restatement of the title>
evidence:
url: <where found>
timestamp: <UTC ISO8601>
sha256: <hash of any downloaded artifact — never an object body, see §5>
raw: <truncated to 2 KiB>
references: [<advisory URL, vendor doc>]
remediation: <action the asset owner can take>
```
UTC timestamps everywhere.
---
## 4. Source Hygiene & Citations
URL + UTC timestamp + SHA-256 + tool version + run_id, every artifact. For bucket listings,
hash the **listing response** (the XML/JSON), never an object's contents — this skill never
fetches an object body (§5). For a decoded AWS account ID, cite the key string it was
derived from (redacted to first/last 4 chars in client-facing output) and the algorithm
version. For a dependency-confusion hit, cite both registry-check timestamps (the package
404 and, for scoped npm, the scope-ownership 404) — claimability is a point-in-time fact
that can flip the moment someone else registers the name.
---
## 5. Do NOT
- Do NOT fetch or download the contents of any object inside a bucket. Listing keys /
sampling object names from the listing response is in scope (§6.3); retrieving an object's
body is not — the reference implementation gates raw object reads behind `--validate`.
- Do NOT claim CRITICAL severity for a bucket, endpoint, or account hit that isn't
ownership-verified. An unattributable public hit is not the client's risk — see the
ownership-gated model, §6.3.
- Do NOT register, reserve, orOperational arsenal for external red-team and bug-bounty reconnaissance. Concrete wordlists (28 Swagger paths, 13 GraphQL paths, 35 high-risk ports, 6 missing-header findings, 15 always-on HTTP checks, 5 SAML paths, cloud bucket permutations, JS guess-paths, vendor product fingerprints for Citrix/F5/Pulse/Fortinet/Cisco/PaloAlto/VMware/Exchange, cloud-native service fingerprints, container/K8s exposure paths, CI/CD platform paths, documentation/wiki leak paths, WHOIS/RDAP, DNS record catalog, Wayback CDX recipes), 80-pattern secret-regex catalog (incl. modern AI API keys: Anthropic/OpenAI/HuggingFace/Cloudflare/DigitalOcean/npm/PyPI/Docker Hub/Atlassian/DataDog/Sentry/ngrok; plus a provider-expansion tier: Postman PMAK/GitLab/Square/Shopify/Mailchimp/PagerDuty/Asana/Databricks/Grafana/Terraform Cloud/Fastly/Algolia/Segment/Airtable/GCP+Google OAuth/Azure AD/Facebook OAuth/RubyGems/JFrog/Okta/Slack app-level/Dropbox/Doppler/HashiCorp Vault/Firebase Cloud Messaging), 80+ dork corpus across 9 categories, GitHub code-search dorks, copy-paste curl/httpie probes for every check, post-discovery enumeration workflows (AWS/GitHub/Slack/JWT/PMAK/Anthropic/OpenAI), endpoint interest scoring rubric (0–100), mobile app ownership confidence + APK static-analysis pipeline (acquisition, apktool/aapt2/jadx/androguard decompile, manifest exported-component/deep-link/misconfig extraction, Firebase config, network-security-config, embedded-secret scan), identity-fabric endpoints (Entra/Okta/ADFS/Google/SAML/M365 Teams+SharePoint+OneDrive+OAuth + user-enum), GraphQL field-suggestion enumeration when introspection disabled, 9 read-only secret validators (Postman/AWS/GitHub/Slack/Anthropic/OpenAI/npm/Atlassian/DataDog), Postman workspace search (verified endpoint), Stack Exchange sweep, public SaaS dorks, email security analysis (SPF/DMARC/DKIM/BIMI/MTA-STS/DNSSEC), origin-discovery / CDN bypass techniques, TLS deep audit (sslyze/testssl.sh/JA3/JA4), reverse-DNS sweep + IPv6 enum, vulnerability prioritization data sources (NVD/EPSS/CISA KEV/ExploitDB/Metasploit), 27 attack-path hint templates, 80+ severity-matrix examples, LinkedIn employee enumeration, job posting tech-stack analysis, Slack/Discord workspace discovery, package registry leak hunting (npm/PyPI/Docker Hub/Quay/GHCR), sat imagery for physical recon, tooling quick-install one-liners, sector-specific recon notes (healthcare/finance/ICS-SCADA/IoT/government), runnable stdlib-only secret_scan.py helper, plus the existing tool references for username/email/phone/people/social/breach/infrastructure/crypto/media/geospatial/AI/archiving/automation. Use when you need concrete probe paths, regexes, payloads, scoring rules, curl one-liners, and tool URLs for an authorized external recon engagement.
Comprehensive OSINT methodology for external red-team operations and authorized attack-surface assessments. Covers the 6-stage recon pipeline (seed → asset expansion → enrichment → exposure analysis → convergence → operator-armed active validation) with connector-resilience and stage-vs-gating discipline, asset-graph discipline, severity rubric, confidence upgrade workflows, time budgeting, identity-fabric mapping, breach×identity correlation with per-person identity dossiers, detectability tagging, detection-aware probing, WAF/CDN bypass, vulnerability prioritization, phishing infrastructure planning, bug bounty submission, and client deliverable templates. Use when planning or executing reconnaissance against authorized targets, mapping an organization's external attack surface, investigating a person/entity, or producing client deliverables.
Build, validate, and run the claude-osint skills repo — check SKILL.md frontmatter, run the secret_scan.py and h1_reference.py helpers, run sync-skill-content.sh, run the smoke test. Use when asked to run, build, test, validate, or smoke-test claude-osint or its OSINT skills/scripts.
Turns one-shot external recon into a continuous monitoring program. Covers the scheduled re-scan-and-diff loop (baseline snapshot -> interval sleep -> re-scan -> asset/finding delta -> threshold-gated webhook alert), the scan-to-scan diff engine (new/removed/changed assets by a tracked-attribute table, new/resolved findings by a stable cross-scan fingerprint), adversary CTI / chatter monitoring across six public feeds (ransomwatch, ransomware.live, HackerNews Algolia search, Reddit security-subreddit RSS, GitHub Gist code-search, public Telegram channel scraping) with a source-kind-aware severity engine (leak-site/forum/telegram/paste tiers, CRITICAL through INFO), literal/glob/regex watchlist pattern matching, full-corpus capture with retroactive rescan on new watchlist entries, infrastructure-tracking-over-time discipline (certificate-transparency, passive-DNS, port/service, and typosquat re-enumeration cadence, and what a genuine 'perimeter drift' event looks like in the diff output), a five-state finding-lifecycle state machine (open/triaged/risk_accepted/resolved/false_positive) with per-severity SLA and fingerprint-based cross-scan dedup and auto-resolve/reopen rules, the alert-fatigue trap where a lifecycle-unaware rule re-fires on an already-accepted finding, a durable retry/backoff alert-outbox pattern ('queued is not delivered'), and copy-paste bash-cron plus PowerShell-Scheduled-Task recipes for a re-scan+diff loop with the Slack-compatible webhook payload shape. Passive OSINT and analysis only -- no new active-intrusion technique. Use when setting up ongoing monitoring for a retainer or MSSP engagement, tuning alert thresholds to avoid fatigue, triaging a finding's lifecycle status, investigating adversary chatter about a brand, building a 'what changed on the perimeter since last week' report, or deciding whether a persisting finding should re-alert.
Rigorous, defensible email-spoofability verdict and SPF supply-chain risk analysis computed from published DNS alone. Deepens the record-level SPF/DMARC/DKIM/BIMI/MTA-STS/DNSSEC fetch recipes in the offensive-osint arsenal (§16.14) with the reasoning that section doesn't do: a priority-ordered composite verdict for whether an attacker can actually land header-From-spoofed mail in an inbox, and by which vector (exact-domain vs subdomain) — grounded in the single most-misunderstood distinction in email security: the envelope MAIL FROM that SPF authenticates vs the visible header From: that only DMARC governs. Explains precisely why SPF -all/~all alone is NOT spoof-proof without DMARC enforcement, and why SPF +all bypasses DMARC even under p=reject pct=100. Covers RFC 7208 §4.6.4's 10-DNS-lookup / 2-void-lookup PermError fail-open condition with a runnable stdlib-only lookup-counter script, plus the SPF-include-takeover supply-chain vector (an attacker re-registering a dead include inherits SPF-pass authority over the victim domain) with strict transient-vs-NXDOMAIN discrimination discipline so a temporary SERVFAIL is never mistaken for a takeover lead. Fully passive: DNS TXT reads only, no mail sent, no RCPT TO probe, no API keys. Use when auditing a domain's real spoofing resistance (not just its published records), explaining to a client why 'we have SPF -all' does not mean they're covered, investigating an SPF PermError or an unusually long include chain, evaluating a dead SPF include as a takeover lead, or writing a defensible spoofability finding for a deliverable.
FAIR-aligned exposure quantification: turns a pile of recon findings into a defensible 0-100 + A-F org risk score (Likelihood x Impact, three ownership-aware factors: exposure/threat/impact), an ownership + proof demotion cap so unproven or weakly-owned findings can't inflate the number, a $-denominated FAIR loss-magnitude estimate (IBM/Ponemon per-record cost bands, cross-source record dedup, threat-factor annualization), attack-path amplification (curated red-team chain catalog + generic graph-walk engine, with a kill-chain vs shared-fate honesty gate), and a board-ready one-pager deliverable (hero $ + letter grade + top-3 findings + top attack path + the ask). Extends osint-methodology's severity rubric and client deliverable templates with quantification. Passive analysis only -- operates on findings already collected, no target traffic, no API keys. Use when asked to score risk, quantify exposure, estimate breach cost, build a board report, translate technical findings to dollars, or explain why a grade or dollar figure came out the way it did.
Organization-grade identity-fabric mapping: tenant/federation fingerprinting and the pre-auth user-ENUMERATION oracle methodology — enumeration and fingerprint only, never credential submission. Covers domain-to-tenant resolution (Microsoft getuserrealm.srf Managed/Federated namespace check, Entra OIDC metadata tenant-GUID extraction, Autodiscover v2), keyless Microsoft tenant-federation mapping (GetFederationInformation SOAP -> sibling-domain discovery, discover-only ROE, FEDERATED_WITH provenance edge held out of attack-path pivoting), Okta org-slug derivation + OIDC fingerprint + governed custom-domain enumeration, ADFS passive/active fingerprint + version inference, Google Workspace MX-correlated detection, generic OIDC (Auth0/Keycloak/Ping Identity/OneLogin/Duo) discovery, SAML metadata (5 paths), Azure AD Seamless-SSO Negotiate-challenge detection, Microsoft Defender for Identity (MDI) sensor-API presence check, the user-enumeration oracle methodology for Microsoft GetCredentialType (IfExistsResult semantics: exists / doesn't-exist / exists-in-federated-tenant / throttled) and Okta /api/v1/authn (errorCode differential), Medium-detectability discipline with a hard 20-candidate-per-tenant cap and admin/role interest-based ranking, and name x confirmed-email-pattern login-candidate synthesis that FAILS CLOSED with zero output when no org pattern is confirmed. Grounded directly in a production ASM implementation's sso_idp.py, tenant_recon.py, and core/email_patterns.py modules. Deepens — does not duplicate — offensive-osint skill's Identity Fabric endpoint reference with the tenant-federation MAP, the oracle WORKFLOW, and the candidate-SYNTHESIS methodology that reference lacks. Use when fingerprinting an organization's identity provider, mapping its tenant/federation boundary, running an authorized pre-auth user-enumeration pass, or synthesizing login candidates from harvested names to feed that oracle — never for password spray, credential submission, or auth bypass.
Org-grade attack-surface mapping: given a company's legal identity, discover its ENTIRE owned internet footprint — corporate family -> owned domains -> owned netblocks/ASN -> live assets — with attribution discipline, not just DNS breadth. The org-first attribution pyramid (legal entity -> LEI/registration -> corporate family -> owned domains -> owned netblocks/ASN -> live assets). Corporate-identity resolution via the GLEIF LEI API (legal name -> LEI, exact-LEI direct-children expansion, downward-only depth-capped BFS, NEVER a name re-resolution), SEC-EDGAR full-text search + Exhibit-21 subsidiary entity names, OpenCorporates entity corroboration, Wikidata SPARQL corporate graph (P856/P355/P749/P1830). Domain attribution via reverse-WHOIS (WhoisXML preview-then-purchase quota guard, SecurityTrails associated-domains — both paid), crt.sh O= certificate-transparency organization pivot (keyless), infrastructure correlation (shared NS/MX/SaaS-TXT, netblock membership, reverse-DNS PTR), and the independent-evidence combiner (1-prod(1-w_i), rule of three, OwnerTier NONE/WEAK/MODERATE/STRONG/CONFIRMED) — discover-only `related:` candidates are NEVER auto-scanned. Netblock/ASN attribution via org-first RIR queries (ARIN Whois-RWS org-handle search, RIPE DB organisation + inverse-org search) that recover 'dark netblocks' with no DNS link to the seed, ASN discovery (RIPEstat + BGPView union), the HYPERSCALER-SCOPE GUARD (never attribute a whole AWS/GCP/Azure/Cloudflare announced range to a tenant — keep only the seed-containing block, tag shared_hosting_cdn), and org-identity-seeded internet-scan-index queries (Shodan/Censys/ZoomEye/FOFA/BinaryEdge org: filters + an always-on keyless crt.sh fallback). Promote-to-scan triage ranks forgotten discover-only netblocks by remote-access exposure (gateway-vendor/KEV/control-plane/datastore port scoring) into an operator queue. Attribution confidence rubric + anti-patterns (namesake grafting via GLEIF name re-resolution, single-signal ownership, hyperscaler over-attribution, privacy-WHOIS pivot poisoning, RIR org-name collisions). Passive/keyless-first OSINT only — every paid-key dependency is enrichment on top of a keyless core, never a hard requirement. Use when mapping an organization's full corporate-family internet footprint, resolving a legal entity to its LEI/subsidiaries, discovering domains/netblocks/ASNs an org owns beyond its one seed domain, auditing M&A/shadow-IT sprawl, or scoping an engagement that starts from a company NAME rather than a domain.