structured-logging

# Structured Logging System Design

## Core Principles

- **Logs are data** — Treat every log as a queryable, structured data point
- **Single source of truth** — One logging configuration, used everywhere
- **Context is king** — Every log must be traceable to its source and request
- **Human + Machine readable** — Structured for parsing, clear for debugging
- **Progressive enhancement** — Start simple, add fields as needed
- **No secrets** — Never log passwords, tokens, or PII without masking

---

## System Architecture

### The Golden Rule

> **Configure once, use everywhere. Never instantiate loggers directly in business code.**

### Architecture Overview

```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     APPLICATION LAYER                           │
│  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐        │
│  │ Service A│  │ Service B│  │ Service C│  │ Handler D│        │
│  └────┬─────┘  └────┬─────┘  └────┬─────┘  └────┬─────┘        │
│       │             │             │             │               │
│       └─────────────┴──────┬──────┴─────────────┘               │
│                            ▼                                    │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │              LOGGING INFRASTRUCTURE                      │   │
│  │  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────────┐  │   │
│  │  │ Logger      │  │ Context     │  │ Formatters &    │  │   │
│  │  │ Factory     │  │ Provider    │  │ Transformers    │  │   │
│  │  └─────────────┘  └─────────────┘  └─────────────────┘  │   │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│                            │                                    │
└────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┘
                             ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                      OUTPUT TARGETS                             │
│  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐  ┌──────────┐        │
│  │ Console  │  │   File   │  │ Log Agg. │  │  Metrics │        │
│  │ (Dev)    │  │ (Local)  │  │ (Prod)   │  │ (Alerts) │        │
│  └──────────┘  └──────────┘  └──────────┘  └──────────┘        │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```

### Project Structure

```
src/
├── lib/
│   └── logging/                    # Centralized logging infrastructure
│       ├── index.ts                # Public API exports
│       ├── logger.ts               # Core logger implementation
│       ├── context.ts              # Request context management
│       ├── formatters.ts           # Output formatters (JSON, pretty)
│       ├── transports.ts           # Output destinations
│       ├── middleware.ts           # Framework integrations
│       ├── decorators.ts           # Method decorators (optional)
│       └── types.ts                # Type definitions
├── modules/
│   ├── users/
│   │   └── user.service.ts         # Uses: import { logger } from '@/lib/logging'
│   └── orders/
│       └── order.service.ts        # Uses: import { logger } from '@/lib/logging'
└── main.ts                         # Initialize logging once at startup
```

### Anti-Patterns to Avoid

```typescript
// ❌ BAD: Creating loggers everywhere
class UserService {
  private logger = new Logger({ service: 'user' });  // Don't do this
}

class OrderService {
  private logger = new Logger({ service: 'order' }); // Duplicated config
}

// ❌ BAD: Inconsistent configuration
const logger1 = winston.createLogger({ format: json() });
const logger2 = winston.createLogger({ format: simple() }); // Different format!

// ❌ BAD: Direct console usage in production code
console.log('User created:', userId);  // No structure, no context

// ❌ BAD: Passing logger instances around
function processOrder(order: Order, logger: Logger) { } // Don't pass loggers
```

### Correct Patterns

```typescript
// ✅ GOOD: Single configuration, exported singleton
// lib/logging/index.ts
export const logger = createLogger(config);
export { getContextLogger } from './context';

// ✅ GOOD: Import from central location
// modules/users/user.service.ts
import { logger, getContextLogger } from '@/lib/logging';

class UserService {
  async createUser(data: CreateUserInput) {
    const log = getContextLogger();  // Gets context automatically
    log.info('Creating user', { email: data.email });
    // ...
  }
}

// ✅ GOOD: Configure once at application startup
// main.ts
import { initializeLogging } from '@/lib/logging';

initializeLogging({
  service: 'my-app',
  environment: process.env.NODE_ENV,
  level: process.env.LOG_LEVEL || 'info',
});
```

## Log Record Schema

### Tier 1: Essential Fields (Always Required)

| Field | Type | Description | Example |
|-------|------|-------------|---------|
| `timestamp` | ISO 8601 | When the event occurred | `2025-12-16T10:30:00.123Z` |
| `level` | string | Log severity | `INFO`, `WARN`, `ERROR` |
| `message` | string | Human-readable description | `User login successful` |
| `service` | string | Service/application name | `user-auth` |

```json
{
  "timestamp": "2025-12-16T10:30:00.123Z",
  "level": "INFO",
  "message": "Payment processed successfully",
  "service": "payment-service"
}
```

### Tier 2: Tracing Fields (Distributed Systems)

| Field | Type | Description | Example |
|-------|------|-------------|---------|
| `trace_id` | string | Request chain identifier (32 hex) | `7b2e4f1a9c3d8e5b6a1f2c3d4e5f6a7b` |
| `span_id` | string | Current operation ID (16 hex) | `1a2b3c4d5e6f7890` |
| `parent_span_id` | string | Parent operation ID | `0987654321fedcba` |
| `request_id` | string | HTTP request identifier | `req_abc123` |

```json
{
  "timestamp": "2025-12-16T10:30:00.123Z",
  "level": "INFO",
  "message": "Order created",
  "service": "order-service",
  "trace_id": "7b2e4f1a9c3d8e5b6a1f2c3d4e5f6a7b",
  "span_id": "1a2b3c4d5e6f7890",
  "request_id": "req_abc123"
}
```

### Tier